Showing results by author "M. David Litwa" in All Categories

What does it mean for Jesus to be “deified” in early Christian literature? Litwa’s samples take us beyond the realm of abstract theology to dwell in the second- and third-century imagination of what it meant to be a god and shows that the Christian depiction of Christ was quite at home there.

Porphyry’s Against the Christians was the most hard-hitting, incisive, and lengthy critique of Christianity that the ancient world ever knew. It was so dangerous that three Christian emperors wrote decrees ordering it to be burned. The Christians succeeded in destroying it, but they did not destroy—or seek to destroy—the fragments and traces of the work in Christian authors themselves. Thus testimonies and fragments of Porphyry’s great work survive. This is the material translated and commented upon in this book. Its purpose is to correct the errors and massive gaps of R. J. ...

This book is simple but radical: rather than letting heresy writers define the story of "Simon Magus," it allows The Great Declaration (or Apophasis Megale) to lay the groundwork for Simon and Simonian thought. Building on this foundation, it adds details from other reports and stories about Simon, carefully filtering out the layers of slander and fiction. Simonian Christianity was real, and it evolved in different ways in different regions. The Great Declaration, a gnostic text likely written in Alexandria between 120 and 150 CE, reflects a different form of Simonian thought than what ...

This work is a translation of Celsus' The True Teaching--the very first extensive criticism of Christianity, probably written in the late second century CE. In contrast to the rendition of this work by R. J. Hoffmann, Dr. Litwa offers a literal--though not wooden--translation of Celsus in an attempt to represent its original language and force. Celsus was eloquent, witty, and sharp-witted. There is, accordingly, no need to improve on his language or rhetoric, let alone to add or rearrange material. Litwa simply tries to represent The True Teaching—in all its biting wit and force. The ...

Alexandria was the epicenter of Hellenic learning in the ancient Mediterranean world, yet little is known about how Christianity arrived and developed in the city during the late first and early second century CE. In this volume, M. David Litwa employs underused data from the Nag Hammadi codices and early Christian writings to open up new vistas on the creative theologians who invented Christianities in Alexandria prior to Origen and the catechetical school of the third century.

The Hermetic corpus is a spiritual and intellectual treasure stemming from ancient Egyptian sages who could write and think in Greek. Since the Renaissance, this corpus has appeared in an order that does not fit the path of spiritual initiation suggested by the corpus itself.

This volume presents in new English translations the scattered fragments and testimonies regarding Hermes Thrice Great that complete Brian Copenhaver's translation of the Hermetica (Cambridge, 1992).

Did the early Christians believe their myths? Like most ancient—and modern—people, early Christians made efforts to present their myths in the most believable ways.

This book examines the origins of the evil creator idea chiefly in light of early Christian biblical interpretations. It is divided into two parts. In Part I, the focus is on the interpretations of Exodus and John. Firstly, ancient Egyptian assimilation of the Jewish god to the evil deity Seth-Typhon is studied to understand its reapplication by Phibionite and Sethian Christians to the Judeo-catholic creator. Secondly, the Christian reception of John 8:44 (understood to refer to the devil's father) is shown to implicate the Judeo-catholic creator in murdering Christ.

This book presents the life, thought, and work of Marcion in its historical, theological, ethical, and liturgical contexts. It distinguishes itself from its competitors by employing a new method: rigorously critiquing heresy reports by means of the testimony of Marcion's own scriptures. It devotes attention to the reliable reconstruction of those scriptures, arguing for the chronological priority of Marcion's Gospel over what is now known as canonical Luke.

In this volume, David Litwa offers a fresh introduction to the 'gnostic Bible,' arguably the most significant and widely read of all gnostic Christian texts ever written. Providing a fresh introduction to a particular version of the Secret Book of John, namely the shorter version that is found in Nag Hammadi Codex III, his study includes a new translation of this text and an extensive commentary in which he introduces the notable features of this codex and interrogates whether the Secret Book emerged from an actual gnostic community.

It’s fashionable among scholars to say that the Gospel of Thomas is not gnostic. Indeed, excessive interpretations and wrong assumptions about Gnosticism have dogged the interpretation of this text in the past. But “gnostic” is a matter of definition, and definitions can be enlightening or unhelpful. Key features like salvation by gnosis, opposition to archons, the inner light, opposition to flesh, opposition to the world, and a seekership outlook combine to make the Gospel of Thomas a key instance of Gnostic spirituality. This book introduces the Gospel of Thomas as a gnostic text ...

For the first and only time in history, a Roman emperor penned a thorough and profound attack on the greatest “disease” (as he put it) affecting the inhabited world—Christianity. No one was better informed about Christian practice and belief than Julian, who had been (an apparently devout) Christian for the first twenty years of life, and had received a thorough training in biblical studies before he left the "darkness" and walked into the light of Hellenic spirituality. This translation of Julian's Against the Galileans supersedes that of R. Joseph Hoffmann, who based his translation...

Gnosis is not only based on a doctrine or myth or feeling, but upon an experience, a true vision. It’s not just knowing or insight, but a mode of knowing. It works, at least, to produce a higher mode of knowing, and one higher than normal human cognition. Gnosis was perceived to be suprarational (above reason), and supraempirical (not using the normal five senses). Accordingly, gnosis granted access to a higher or spiritual level of reality. After defining gnosis versus Gnosticism, this book presents seven key features of ancient gnosis based on Nag Hammadi and related literature: the ...

Perhaps no declaration incites more theological and moral outrage than a human's claim to be divine. Those who make this claim in ancient Jewish and Christian mythology are typically represented as the most hubristic and dangerous tyrants. Their horrible punishments are predictable and still serve as morality tales in religious communities today. But not all self-deifiers are saddled with pride and fated to fall.

Did Jesus really perform a switcheroo with Simon of Cyrene on Golgotha? Is God really a Non-existent being? Are there actually 365 heavens and did angels make the material world? In this book, Dr Litwa teaches how to distinguish the authentic Basilides (in his fragments) from the Basilides depicted by the heresy hunters (mainly Irenaeus). Dr Litwa discusses all 19 of the authentic fragments of Basilides and Isidore, and uses these fragments to understand and critique other reports on Basilides and his heirs. He closes the book with a final, authoritative profile showing what we can and ...

There is not just a desire but a profound human need for enhancement - the irrepressible yearning to become better than ourselves. Today, enhancement is often conceived of in terms of biotechnical intervention: genetic modification, prostheses, implants, drug therapy - even mind uploading. The theme of this book is an ancient form of enhancement: a physical upgrade that involves ethical practices of self-realization. It has been called 'angelification' - a transformation by which people become angels.

This book studies the life and thought of Valentinus using his genuine fragments. After translating the fragments and introducing Valentinus' life, it reorders the fragments and segues into a line-by-line spiritual and historical commentary: Valentinus Sees a Vision (Fragment 7) Summer Harvest (Fragment 8) Evil Angels and the God Human (Fragment 1) The Image and the Name (Fragment 5) You Are Deathless! (Fragment 4) The Pure in Heart (Fragment 2) . On Self-control (Containing Fragment 3) The Truth is Everywhere (Fragment 6) This volume is the first to integrate the discovery that Valentinus ...

This volume offers an accessible investigation of the Naassene discourse embedded in the anonymous Refutation of All Heresies (completed about 222 CE), in order to understand the theology and ritual life of the Naassene Christian movement in the late second and early third centuries CE. The work provides basic data on the date, genre, and provenance of the Naassene discourse as summarized by the author of the Refutation (or Refutator).

Late Revelations introduces a revolutionary model for understanding the creation of the gospels in the New Testament and beyond. Rather than viewing the gospels as static and finished works published at one time, this book proposes that the initial gospels were "waves" of rolling traditions—stories, teachings, and sayings that evolved within early Christian groups. These traditions were fluid and dynamic, initially lacking the apostolic authorship attributed to them by later generations.